Statistical Tests

Independent Samples t-test

A complete guide to the independent samples t-test (two-sample t-test)-formula, hypotheses, assumptions, hand-worked numerical examples, effect size, Welch's correction, and a…

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Diagram showing two separate unrelated groups of subjects with distinct distributions, illustrating the between-group comparison analyzed by an independent samples t-test.

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Two-bar probability mass function of a Bernoulli distribution, showing probability 1-p at outcome 0 and probability p at outcome 1.

Bernoulli Distribution

The mean of a bernoulli distribution, also called the expected value, represents the long run…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 12 min read

Bar chart probability mass function of a Binomial distribution, showing the probability of each possible count of successes from 0 to n.

Binomial Distribution

Binomial distribution is a probability distribution, widely used to model the number of successes…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 15 min read

Decaying curve of an Exponential distribution probability density function, tallest at zero and falling off smoothly toward the right.

Exponential Distribution

The Exponential Distribution is one of the most commonly used probability distributions in…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 15 min read

Bar chart probability mass function of a Geometric distribution, showing the probability of the first success occurring on each trial.

Geometric Distribution

A geometric distribution is a discrete probability distribution that gives the probability that the…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 14 min read

Bar chart probability mass function of a Hypergeometric distribution, showing the probability of each possible number of successes drawn without replacement from a finite population.

Hypergeometric Distribution

The hypergeometric distribution models the probability of obtaining a specific number of successes…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 16 min read

Bar chart probability mass function of a Negative Binomial distribution, showing the probability of each possible number of failures before the r-th success.

Negative Binomial Distribution

The negative binomial distribution models the number of trials needed to achieve a specified number…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 16 min read

Bell-shaped curve of a Normal distribution centered at the mean, showing symmetric tapering on both sides.

Normal Distribution

A complete, visual guide to the Normal (Gaussian) distribution: the bell curve formula, notation…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 14 min read

Bar chart probability mass function of a Poisson distribution, showing the probability of each possible event count for a fixed rate lambda.

Poisson Distribution

The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that calculates the likelihood of a…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 15 min read

Flat rectangular curve of a Uniform distribution over an interval, showing constant height between two endpoints and zero elsewhere.

Uniform Distribution

A complete, visual guide to the Uniform distribution: the discrete and continuous forms, the…

Probability Distributions · Suchibrata Patra · August 2026 · 13 min read

Transformer architecture diagram

Transformers Explained

A complete, textbook-level explanation of the Transformer architecture from first principles…

Deep Learning · Suchibrata Patra · June 2026 · 50 min read

Comparison of bagging, boosting, and stacking ensemble learning methods in machine learning

Bagging vs Boosting vs Stacking

Complete comparison of bagging, boosting, and stacking. Covers Random Forest, AdaBoost, Gradient…

Machine Learning · Suchibrata Patra · July 2026 · 10 min read

Diagram of an Artificial Neural Network showing an input layer, hidden layers with interconnected neurons, and an output layer, illustrating how signals flow forward through weighted connections.

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

A complete guide to Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)-architecture, activation functions, forward…

Deep Learning · Suchibrata Patra · July 2026 · 42 min read

Complete deep learning roadmap from neural network basics to transformers, LLMs, diffusion models, and research-level deep learning

Deep Learning Roadmap 2026-2027

A definitive step-by-step guide from zero neural network knowledge to professional-grade deep…

Learning Path · Suchibrata Patra · July 2025 · 28 min read

Diagram of a Perceptron showing input features, weights, bias term, summation unit, and step activation function producing a binary classification output.

Perceptron Explained

Master the Perceptron with intuitive visuals, mathematical derivations, Python & PyTorch code, the…

Deep Learning · Suchibrata Patra · July 2026 · 30 min read

Overview of the Transformer architecture

Transformers Explained

Master Transformers in Machine Learning with this complete guide to Transformer architecture. Learn…

Deep Learning · Suchibrata Patra · June 2026 · 50 min read

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